Introduction to Management by Objectives

Introduction to Management by Objectives ARGUMENTS AGAINST MBO © Shutterstock.com | SnapdudeThis guide explores 1) what is management by objectives, 2) its underlying key concepts, 3) pros and cons of using it, 4) a comparison with management by exception, and 5) the 5-step MBO process.MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVESManagement by Objectives, often shortened to MBO, is simply one of several management models that have been used, and are still being used even today. This technique allows management to focus on the attainable goals of the organization, and to work towards achieving the best possible results, using the resources available to the organization at that point in time.The goal of this model is to improve the overall performance of an organization by defining its objectives clearly, and these objectives have to have been agreed to completely by the management, the employees, and the other members of the organization. In other words, it operates on the assumption that, if the goals of the organization are aligned with that of the employees, then achieving these goals through work performance will be more successful.The origins of MBO can be traced back to 1954, when management expert Peter Drucker first introduced the term and the concept in his book, entitled The Practice of Management. Basically, he described it as an environment where management and employees join forces and work together to set and monitor the goals of the organization for a certain period.MBO requires supervision and coordination, since it involves sets of individual and personal goals, which must then be coordinated together to move towards one common goal which is the overall goals of the organization. Employees and their plans have often been likened to pieces of a puzzle which, when completed, represents the organization and its goals.Now, where are you supposed to use MBO?This style is considered to be most appropriate in organizations or enterprises that are knowledge-based, or where the organization mostly operates or runs using information or knowledge on its customers, competitors, product, and processes. If the staff or members of the organization are competent, MBO is sure to work.If management is also keen on developing its employees personal and professional growth and skills, applying MBO is also a good idea.KEY CONCEPTS OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVESTo understand MBO better, let us take a look at its core tenets or concepts.Awareness of all members of the organizationIn MBO, knowledge will not be limited to top management or several key players of the organization. Everybody should have knowledge and a clear understanding of the goals, aims or objectives of the organization.In addition, they should also be fully aware of their roles, functions and responsibilities as members of that organization, particularly with respect to the attainment of the organizational goals, aims or objectives.But there are some reasons, why you should not focus on your goals (hint: it has to do with your behaviors). Participation and comm itment of employeesThis personnel management technique holds that the objectives of an organization will have greater chances of being realized sooner if they are aligned within the ranks of the organization, and one way to ensure that is to encourage the participation of all members and bolstering their commitment to the organization and its goals. MBO helps accomplish that by including the employees in the goal setting activities of the organization.Conventionally, strategic planning and decision-making will be left in the hands of several members of top management. MBO advocates that all managers will be involved, as well as its employees.If employees get to have a say in the creation of action plans and their subsequent implementation, instead of being relegated to the role of simply following orders from top management, with no questions asked, they will feel more invested in their roles and responsibilities in the organization. As a result, their level of commitment to the org anization and its goals and objectives will be very high.PlanningAs mentioned earlier, in MBO, employees are proactive and key players in what takes place in the organization. They are not just pieces left there to react when an event takes place or a problem arises. They take active part in it, and so they play a major role in the planning.This planning is not limited to the organization, because the employees must also create personal plans that are aligned with that of the organization. Take, for example, a construction company that set a target of completing a series of housing projects within a three-year period.The engineer and architect involved in the projects will also set their own personal goals. They may set their personal goal to completing a specific number of housing units in a year, in aid of meeting the three-year goal of the company.Use of a management information system for performance measurement and monitoringManagement by Objectives  advocates the establishment of a management information system, which will purposefully be used to measure the actual performance and achievements of employees and the organization as a whole against the objectives that have been defined and set prior.It is to be noted that the goals that have been previously set are put into writing on a periodic basis. This is to facilitate continuous measurement and monitoring by the managers as they track the progress of work within the organization.Continuous tracking and feedbackSince this technique is systematic and organized, the tracking and monitoring is also done on an ongoing or continuous basis. So is the provision of feedback. Feedback is provided at every turn to ensure that the goals are still in sight. Rewards dependence on attainment of goalsRewards are a given in MBO, but they will depend on the achievement of the goals. The extent of the reward will also be based on the attainment of these goals.PROS AND CONS OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES+ Disciplined appr oach to goal attainmentMBO provides a means for management to readily identify its goals and objectives, and plan on how they will be achieved. The problem most managers encounter involves vagueness when it comes to goals. They know they have to achieve something, but they are not clear as to what it is. In MBO, the objectives and goals are clearly defined and identified.Logically, it would be difficult to start planning when you do not know what you are supposed to accomplish or achieve in the first place. MBO addresses that issue by starting with the identification of goals and objectives. This will provide direction for management to start planning.+ Improved employee empowerment and commitmentEmpowered employees are motivated employees, and employees will feel more motivated in their work performance if they feel that they are given importance and recognition by management. When an employee is asked for his thoughts or input on something related to work, this will visibly boost his confidence and make him strive more so he can contribute more.An organization cannot expect commitment and loyalty from employees when it does not give them enough credit to ask for their input or opinion on important matters. Put yourself in the shoes of an employee in a company that simply gives out orders and expect them to be followed.Now take a look at a company where the employee is asked for what he thinks should be done to improve an aspect of his work. Chances are, the employee in the latter company will have more commitment to his work and loyalty to the company that values his opinion.Individual employee satisfaction will also have greater benefits, giving a boost to the overall organizational morale. A strong work force will naturally result to a strong organization.+ Improved communication in the organizationEmployees communicate with and among each other; that is already an established fact. However, one of the difficult areas of management is fostering communicati on between management and the employees.The differences in rank and positions tend to create a divide or a distance between these two groups, where top management often do not care to communicate with those who are lower than them, and the employees hesitate to approach their managers. With MBO, that issue is addressed head on.+ Clarity of objectivesIt is a sad reality that, you ask an employee on what its companys goals are, and they know nothing else beyond making a profit.Through MBO, goals and objectives of the organization are reiterated and emphasized, so that all its members are made aware of them. Better understanding of the goals of the organization will make them better and more motivated members and workers. + Increased efficiencyIf goals are properly set and managed, creation of plans will also be facilitated. Management and implementation of the plans will likewise be facilitated, which will increase the overall efficiency of the organization.The organization will be ab le to generate savings, since waste would be minimized if not eliminated. Utilization of resources will be maximized, and performance will go smoothly as planned.Of course, the resources saved by the organization may be used in other projects or areas, which will speed up the organizations goal achievement process.+ Contingency preparationMBO promotes planning, which means it also provides the organization more chances to prepare for the unexpected. Businesses are bound to come across stumbling blocks to the plans, and if they are prepared enough, they will have contingencies and backup plans in place to deal with these problems.Despite these advantages, MBO is not without its weaknesses, causing many managers to avoid using it in their organizations. Emphasis on goal-setting and results more than implementationMBO seems to put more emphasis on defining objectives and setting goals, instead of working on a plan that is systematic enough to actually achieve these goals and objectives . Implementation somehow takes a back seat, because the focus is on the involvement of members of the organization in the goal setting and planning stage.Executives  managing by objectives have their eye trained on the result, not on the activity conducted or how it was conducted. In essence, they do not care how the employees arrive at the goal, just as long as they get to it.As a result, there is a possibility that product or service quality may suffer. For instance, the employees may have set a personal goal of finishing a specific quantity for a certain period of time. To achieve that target, they will not pay a lot attention on the quality, as long as they meet the quantity demanded. Requires full involvementThis may be a problem in a very large organization. The concerted effort required in MBO means the involvement of a lot of people and personalities.Unless there is a highly trained and capable manager, this will turn out to be a huge headache, bringing an entire group of di fferent people together. Limited perspective on external factorsThe narrow approach taken by MBO is characterized once again by how it focuses too much on setting goals rather than looking at the bigger picture. After all, there are other factors at play in an organization other than its goals and its employees and management.A company can set goals all it wants, but if it ignores external factors such as environmental and economic factors those that are out of its control then all that goal-setting will be all for nothing.There is a possibility that the management may fail to take into account the scarcity of resources when it is setting its goals. Economic upheavals also have an impact on the operations of an organization, and may lay all the goals to waste. Impracticality in simple tasksThere are some tasks or functions in an organization that are too simple, applying MBO will prove to be a waste of time and resources, and utterly impractical.Take, for example, a production ass emble line. All that is needed to be done is to take two separate parts, and snap them together to come up with one product.Now this is too simple and mundane, it does not make sense for the worker to be setting personal or individual goals for it.MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES VS. MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTIONMBO is not to be confused with Management by Exception, or MBE, which is a different model altogether. In MBE, the managements attention will only be called when there are significant deviations from a plan. It operates under the assumption that management should only dispense its attention on the areas or issues that matter.The action or strategic plan created will be communicated to all stakeholders of the organization, and will serve as the guidelines or standards to be followed by all the members. Adapting MBE means that the managers will be on the lookout for the deviations from these standards that are deemed to be significant, and reporting them or taking action.In this management model, the objectives are communicated to the employees, who are then tasked to focus or concentrate on whatever significant deviations that may arise, and put their energy into them.[slideshare id=13026582doc=mboandmbe-120522061112-phpapp02w=640h=330]It goes without saying that, if the deviations are considered to be minor or insignificant, they will not be paid much attention to, and no action will be taken.Why? Because it is deemed that top management have a lot more important and bigger things to do or pay attention to than some minor deviation. It is only when the exception has become significant as to need immediate correction or rectification that it will be reported to top management, for appropriate and immediate action.This is seen as the advantage of MBE, because managers do not have to be everywhere at all times, monitoring and keeping an eye on everything. They can focus on the more important things instead of spreading themselves too thin. The disadvantage, of course, would be the limited participation of employees.Unlike MBO, employees will not have much to do with the decision-making process, which wont really do much for their motivation and level of commitment to their work and the organization.These characteristics make the applicability of MBE more practical in accounting and financial processes and department, which are primarily tasked in budgeting and setting financial standards for the company to adhere to.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVESEmployees are included in the determination and setting of goals and objectives. The flow of organizational goals and the planning process may be top-down, or from top management down to the lower ranks of the organization. However, employee involvement is still guaranteed, because these goals and plans are then translated into personal goals for each member of the organization.Regular feedback. Ongoing feedback is delivered, focusing on whether the results have been attained or the plan is adhered to.Focus on rewards over punishment. Since the emphasis is on the goals and the results, management will be keener on providing rewards for those that are able to provide results in accordance with the goals, over punishing those who are not able to meet them.Emphasis on personal growth and development. The natural reaction of many when one fails to achieve certain objectives is to be negative about it. In MBO, there is no room for such negativity, because it will still be seen as a factor that contributes to ones personal growth and development.THE FIVE-STEP MBO PROCESSHow will organizations be able to use this management model? There are five steps involved in putting MBO into practice.Step #1  Determine or review the organizational objectives.Take a look at the organizations vision and mission. What are the objectives and goals of the organization?The managers are expected to have a clear understanding of the overall goals and objectives of the organizations, partly so th ey can communicate them more clearly to the employees.Most importantly, however, they are the managers, and the ones to supposedly steer operations towards the goals and objectives, so they should know exactly where they are headed.Step #2 Translate the organizational objectives in a way that will be understandable to employees and members of the organization. Stimulate employee participation in setting goals and objectives.It is important that the managers and the employees agree on the latters objectives and see if they are aligned to that of the organizations. This will require looking into the objectives and goals set by the employee.The S.M.A.R.T. criteria, which were also introduced by Drucker, are handy in this scenario. This has been formulated to help managers and individuals come up with smart goals, or goals that have structure and offer tracking.Compare these two goals:The company should reach an annual net income in the millions.The company should earn an annual net inc ome of $10 million in its fifth year of operations.Between the two, which is the smarter goal? Which do you think made use of S.M.A.R.T. goal setting?Thats right. It is the second one.Now lets take a look at what S.M.A.R.T. really stands for.S SpecificA goal has to be specific in order increase its attainability. Compared to a general goal, a specific goal is less vague and seems easier to achieve. Specificity requires addressing the following:What is to be accomplished or attained? What, exactly, do you want to achieve?Who is involved? With whom are you going to coordinate with?Why do you want the goal to be accomplished?How will you accomplish this goal?Where is the location?Which constraints and requirements are involved? What are the conditions and limitations?When we compared the two goals earlier, it is clear that the second one was more specific, which meant it provided clearer direction for everyone in the company. They know they will have to work together to achieve that l evel of net income in 5 years. M MeasurableThere should be set concrete or specific criteria for measuring the progress toward the goal or objective. You have to be able to identify what you will see or encounter once the goal has been reached. In the goal example set above, the annual net income of $10 million demonstrates measurability.You should be able to answer the following questions:How much?How many?How will you know when something has been attained or the goal has been achieved?A AttainableWe have mentioned earlier how the goal must be realistic and attainable. It wont do anyone any good if the goals set are actually impossible to achieve. A goal is attainable if you are capable of acquiring the necessary skills, capabilities and attitudes to achieve them.This also applies to acceptability. Is the goal acceptable to you? What if it goes against your personal principles? Does it resonate with you on a personal and professional level?Evaluating its acceptability may require that you weigh the effort and time that you will have to contribute towards its attainment. Are there other costs expected of you in order to achieve it? Do you think you will be able to deliver on them?Identifying them early on will save you time and effort, since you can immediately assess whether you have the capacity to help in the attainment of the goal. If you take on a task, even knowing that you do not have the capabilities and skills to help achieve them, this may be demoralizing and end up making your miserable.The good news is that you can rectify that lack by taking the necessary steps to improve yourself, so you can eventually come to a point that the goal will be acceptable and attainable to you.R RealisticRealistic and attainable go hand in hand. It is not attainable if it is not realistic, and it is not realistic if there is no way to achieve it. Will you only be shooting for the stars with the goal you have set, or is it really capable of happening?R may also stan d for relevance. How is the goal relevant to you, personally and professionally?In the goal example, what does it mean to you, personally, if the company does earn a net income of $10 million on its 5th year? Will you get a promotion for reaching that quota? Will you get an incentive, such a raise in your salary, an incentive bonus, or a travel package for you and your family? Weigh the relevance of the goal so you can decide whether it is a worthy goal or not.This requires looking deeper within oneself. What is your real reason for working towards that goal? What is in it for you? Will achieving that goal really achieve that reason?T Time-boundThere should be a time frame when we set goals. Otherwise, you will only be working on an endless loop or cycle, with no end in sight. Having a time-bound goal will also increase the level of urgency so members of the organization will strive to work harder and put more effort into their work.Employee empowerment stems from motivation on the part of the employees, and one sure way to increase their motivation is to encourage them to set their own objectives, alongside the organizational objectives.Aside from being time-bound, the goal should also be timely. Scheduling and time management will definitely help, but you have to make sure that the goal is capable of being scheduled or mapped on a timeline. This will enable you to track your progress later on.Step #3 Measure and monitor the progress of implementation.It is imperative that the manager and the employee continuously monitor throughout the implementation process whether the objectives are being reached or not. Doing so will allow them to make corrective actions or adjustments.Are they getting slow in achieving their goals? Then they have to step things up a bit and do better.Are they on track? Then they should maintain that pace and, if possible, improve on it.Step #4 Evaluation of progress.Performance evaluation is also paramount in MBO. The managers will then review the performance of the employees or workers at the end of an operating cycle, or at predetermined times, to see whether the latter have reached the objectives.When evaluating the performance of members of the organization, honest and objective feedback definitely goes a very long way. A manager cannot expect an employee to do better if he does not point out where the latters strengths and weaknesses are.One cannot expect an employee to do a self-assessment all the time, because objectivity will be shot. Sometimes, an employee may not be aware that he is doing something wrong, unless someone else points it out to him.Step #5 Giving the reward due.Depending on the achievement of objectives, the employees will be rewarded. Of course, if they were unable to meet the objectives, they will not be rewarded. They will also not be punished, either.The lack of reward will have a self-motivating effect, so that the employee will take it upon himself to do better or improve on his perfo rmance in the future.[slideshare id=35935857doc=slidesahreemployeerewards-140616145553-phpapp01w=640h=360]ARGUMENTS AGAINST MBOIf you review the disadvantages of MBO, you will notice that most of them have something to do with the human factor. Human neglect, for instance, is a huge possible reason for MBO to fail. The organization may fail to conduct proper follow through once it has set its goals. It may not be able to properly and promptly monitor changes or track the progress of the work, so it wont be able to make the necessary corrections or adjustments early on.Just as Drucker pointed out, MBO is not a cure-all. Rather, it is a tool that must be utilized, which means that there is a possibility it will not work if the tool is not used properly or correctly. In his words, MBO works if you know the objectives, 90% of the time, you dont.As a tool, MBO cannot operate by itself. It requires the support from top management for it to be successful. The managers who will implement it should also have the proper and ample amount of training to ensure that it will be implemented fully. Before it can be implemented, it is also important that the organization has clearly defined goals and objectives.

Best Motivational Books For Students

As a student, you do not always have the enthusiasm and motivation to study, particularly when you recently failed an exam or paper you studied and worked tirelessly for. It can be really draining when you see your grades drop even though you know you have been doing everything you can to improve or maintain it. Fortunately, there are ways you can regain motivation and get back the drive to study again - it can be from encouraging and positive words from friends or just simply getting some time off from studying. In stressful times, you will need a lot of positive reinforcements to once again stand up and ride that metaphorical horse to victory. So, its okay to drop all those coursework and college papers for now and sit through a motivational book.Some students find comfort in reading, and you might be one of them. Do not mistake reading as a burden and an activity solely intended for academic purposes because its not. Reading can also be for leisure and entertainment. As there are literary masterpieces that can change your life, there are also many motivational books offer inspiration to students in the form of fiction, self-help, or even poems. There is a variety of literature from around the world that may be able to help you get back the upper hand when it comes to your academic pursuit.Here is a list of the best motivational books to help you get back on track:Oh! The Places Youll Go by Dr. SeussDr. Seuss is famous for his books for children with timeless messages relating to life, and Oh! The Places Youll Go is among those books as it aims to help readers get a better sense of life when its becoming a bit too overwhelming. The book concerns the journey of life and its many challenges. It is filled with messages about the importance of seizing opportunities, keeping an open mind, and trying new things. If one day you find yourself becoming too weighed down by college stress, then this book might be the best motivational book for you. It can put you back o n track or at least remind you of what its like to live in a world with so many opportunities.The Alchemist by Paulo CoelhoPaulo Coelho is probably a name that rings a bell, especially if some of your friends love to read books; chances are The Alchemist tops their list of recommendations. It is about a shepherd who explores the Egyptian Pyramids in pursuit of his dreams. The motivational gist of this book is in the story of the protagonist who stops at nothing to get what he knows he deserves, even after encountering many hurdles. As a student, you must be prepared to take on challenges and must have solid determination to achieve your goal. The best motivational books will inspire you to keep fighting the good fight, and this book is surely one of them.#GirlBoss by Sophia AmorusoIf you know Nasty Girl, chances are you know Sophia Amoruso. Amoruso built an online fashion company and clothing empire with her own two hands. In this book, she recalls the story of how she became the C EO of her own company despite her gender. Its a must-read for young women who are looking to be their own boss one day. #GirlBoss is also the best motivational book for anyone who is still weighing their options. Although Amoruso is not a college graduate, she still managed to be prosperous in her drive for success. If you believe you are someone who can achieve happiness and prosperity through your brilliant ideas and amazing inventions, then you have to pick up this book and let it fill your head with encouragement to pursue that path to success.A Christmas Carol by Charles DickensChristmas is just a few months away, so maybe its time to read up on those Christmas-themed books you saved up for winter. Despite the title, A Christmas Carol holds lessons not solely reserved for Christmas time, but are timeless irrespective of the time of year. The Charles Dickens classic is about an old man named Scrooge who gets paid a visit by the Ghost of Christmas Past, Present, and Yet To Come. Each Ghost presents Scrooge with scenarios in his current life that make him reflect on his situation and decisions. The next morning, a sense of relief washes over him after finding out that he still has time to turn things around. Students barely have time to reflect on the projection of their life because of how much work they do everyday, so let this motivational book help you get a firm grasp of your life once again. Self-reflection is important as it often pulls you back to the ground when the view is getting a bit too hazy from above.The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-ExupryThe Little Prince is a famous piece of Literature enjoyed by children and adults alike. It tells the story of the narrator, a pilot who meets a Little Prince when he crashes his plane into the Sahara Desert. Upon meeting the Little Prince, the pilot discovers he set off on a journey away from his planet to explore the universe in search of a way to cure his loneliness after he is betrayed by his dear Ro se. As he ventures onwards to new planets and meet new people, the Little Prince arrives on Earth to see many roses but is unlike his rose. He immediately attempts to get back to his planet to be reunited with his rose. The Little Prince is a perfect motivational book for students who sometimes feel misunderstood or betrayed by the people or things they love. You are not the first student, or even person, to feel like you are doing too much work for little to no expense, but youd be happy to know that its not a permanent feeling. Sometimes all you need is a bit of time to explore your horizons, then you will eventually land back on your feet.The Giver by Lois LowryBreaking out of the status quo is hard, especially if it has been instilled in individuals for so long by societal standards. That is exactly what The Giver intends to convey to readers. It tackles the life in a Utopian society designed to make every person feel like they are equal and things are perfect. However, upon clo ser inspection, the falsity and disingenuous nature of the society becomes more apparent. This book highlights the need for an individual to be unique and paving their own way to happiness, making it one of the best motivational books for students who struggle to choose a college major because of what friends, family, and society expects of them. Knowing yourself is still important above everything else.Astrophysics for People in a Hurry by Neil deGrasse TysonNeil deGrasse Tyson is famous for his prominent voice in the field of astrophysics. In this book, he condensed the vast and complicated concept of the universe and space into less than 300 pages for those who are interested to know but lack the capacity to understand complex terms and astrophysics jargon. Safe to say, it is Astrophysics for Dummies minus the offensive term. When you look at the sky at night, it is so easy to feel lost and confused - you often find yourself questioning your purpose and how you fit in this big ex panse of the cosmos. Astrophysics for People in a Hurry offers a concise, easy to understand interpretation of the universe, making it one of the best motivational books for students who seek to understand their place in the grand scheme of things.The Kite Runner by Khaled HosseiniThe Kite Runner is about Amir, an Afghan immigrant, seeking to right his wrongs after he moved to America with his father. The book recalls the earlier events of 26 years ago when Amir was just a boy. Without revealing too much about the story, The Kite Runner encourages readers to re-evaluate their actions and attitude towards life and the people they love through the story of Amir. At the end of the book, Amir manages to change his destiny thus attaining a better life for himself and those around him. Though this book is not actually a self-help or a legitimate motivational book by description, it somehow provides a dramatic interpretation of reality that will surely leave readers in awe.Make Good Art by Neil GaimanNeil Gaimans body of work boasts good fiction, including Good Omens, American Gods, and The Sandman. Make Good Art, however, is different from his definitive interpretations of angels, demons, and other mythical creatures. In this book, he encourages readers to think outside the box and break rules. Make Good Art is a manuscript of Gaimans commencement address at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia wherein he shared his thoughts about creativity, bravery, and strength for painters, musicians, writers, and dreamers altogether. The book is accompanied by art courtesy of world-renowned graphic artist Chip Kidd. Expect this motivational book to encourage you to be bold and brave in reaching for your dreams and simply keep going.Who Moved My Cheese by Spencer JohnsonSpencer Johnson takes a funny little story shared among his peers and turned it into a motivational book about moving forward in life in spite of inconveniences and unexpected hurdles. Who Moved My Cheese t ells the story of two mice and two little people, who find an abundance of cheese and decide to move nearby to have limitless supply of food. However, as the days go by, they notice the cheese getting smaller up until its no longer there. While the two mice decide to look for other places to source their food, the two little people decide to stay and investigate what happened to the cheese. One of the best humorous yet best motivational books for students, it accentuates the importance of not dwelling too much on what you lost and allowing yourself to explore greater opportunities.The Hate U Give by Angie ThomasThe Hate U Give is a young adult novel. The book begins with teenager Starr Carter in a car ride back home driven by her friend Khalil Harris after attending a party. In the middle of the journey, they are stopped by police who then force Khalil to step out of the car. The scene immediately turns sour after numerous misunderstandings drive the police to fire shots at Khalil, leaving him dead with no solid proof of violence on his side of the car. After witnessing the traumatic event, Starr finds herself in a confusing point of her life, and she begins to question her worth as a human and the world she lives in. The book ends with Starr taking a firm stance against a racially oppressive society and vowing to fight for every person like her and Khalil. This book captured the attention of many critics as it speaks reality through the perspective of a teenage girl - a troublesome concept when you choose to see the world through rose-colored glasses. If this book is motivational for students, then it may be because of how it drives the youth to find something noble to fight for.The Fountainhead by Ayn RandAn idealistic and iconoclastic young architect by the name of Howard Roark, unfettered by social mores, clashes with the establishment in a purposeful attempt to prove the limitless potential of the human mind. Adamant in his refusal to compromise with what he perceives as mediocre tradition, he finds himself ostracized by contemporaries and critics alike. To exact retribution and redeem himself, he must prove before society the worth of his work. While frowned upon by critics for its questionable morals, the bare essentials of Ayn Rands work revolve on the value of the resolute individual in a society of shape-shifting stereotypes, making The Fountainhead the most unique entry in the list of best motivational books for students.Ghostwriting services for college students and professionalsBooks are a gateway to new realities as most people would say, and it may also be a helpful guide as they often mirror our own. Let these motivational books be a way for you to exercise a better version of yourself. Having the avenue to be aware and sensitive about your life through literature is one of the many gifts a reader can practice. Allow these books to help you get back in shape, mentally and emotionally, as you continue your path to one day get your diploma, or simply be the person you aspire to be. When all hope is lost, dont be too quick to give up just turn to the next book and find a way to make it work to your advantage. But, if you still find yourself in a slump even after you tried so hard to encourage yourself through literature, do not worry, you will eventually be fine, but for now maybe its time you consider getting help from our essay writing service here at . Well gladly pick up your coursework for you as you gather yourself in the meantime. Our expert writers can write custom essays, research papers, and term papers. Being a student often takes a heavy toll on your emotions, so make sure you take every chance to relax every now and then. Let our Support Team know what you need and well surely have it ready for you as soon as you need it.

The Myth Of The Cave, And Aristotle s Theory Of Divine...

In Genesis 1-3, the conception of creation can be determined as supernatural, in which it could be seen as a miracle. Throughout the first three chapter of Genesis we are given images describing what had happened during the beginning of mankind’s doings on this earth in sequential order. The book of Genesis (1-3), Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, and Aristotle’s Ethics 1/ â€Å"The End† all coincide with the idea of the relationship between the natural world and humanity, and all connect to one of the four or all of the Catholic Intellectual Tradition claims and core questions. To believe that world was deliberately created/formed/fashioned means the natural world was consciously made for human life and for all fundamental creation so that the law of constancy can be overstepped and that the world is only viewed as a commodity of divine intelligence existing within its evolution. As for God himself, he is the infinite reasoning that is always existing in the everlasting developing universe. To think that the world was deliberately created/formed/fashion could bring up a few possible consequences. Some possible consequences according to this idea is there will always be a debate between the Catholic church and Science, as shown that people in the catholic church and have faith firmly believe that God did create the world in seven days because it is in the bible but on the other side some people on the scientific side who need reasoning need to have the facts, they want to know howShow MoreRelated The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 PagesThe History of Art Art was the first written language and to study the history of art is to study the history of civilizations and humankind. The Paleolithic cave paintings in France, when viewed in the modern western perspective can only be speculated at as to the intent and/or purpose of the original artisans. Perhaps the paintings of animals were the focal point of a religious ceremony or ritual, surveyed before the hunt, to bring success or perhaps part of a celebration or documentationRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesthat things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * is a philosophical term which posits that individuals create

Sample Resume Military Ethics - 2841 Words

Assignment Cover Sheet Student name: Piyanat Numdee Student Number: z3401624 Course convenor/lecturer: DR. Deane-Peter Baker Course name: Introduction to Military Ethics Course code: ZGEN2240 Assessment number: 1 Assessment task: Major Report Word length: 2169 Date submitted: 26 September 2014 I, Piyanat Numdee affirm that the work in this assignment is solely my own other than where explicitly acknowledged being otherwise. I assert that the preparation of this work has been completed in accordance with ethical standards appropriate to students of UNSW at ADFA and is true representation of my current capabilities in this course. In terms of the principle of jus ad bellum, was Israel justified in launching its military action against Hamas and Palestinian Islamic jihad in Gaza in July 2014? Israel’s military action against Palestine There has been an ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine, after Israel pulled out its forces from the Gaza and the West Bank since its occupation from Six Day War in 1967. Recently in July 2014, Israel launched a military action against Palestinians in the Gaza which is under control of Hamas. After 7 weeks of the campaign, there were over 2,100 deaths which the majorities are Palestinian. I would claim that Israel’s military action against Hamas was not justified, because the action did not meet most of the criteria of jus ad bellum, as will be explained later in this report. Analysing the Israel’sShow MoreRelatedCreating My Career Plan For College Students2785 Words   |  12 PagesState University-Global (CSU-Global) has a Student Career Center (SCC) which is designed to assist students and alumni in their pursuit of a career. 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For HR management, elder care will grow as a major HR issue. More workers will have primary care responsibilities for aging, elderly relatives, with over 22 million U.S. households having elder-care responsibilitiesRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pages2012. The portions affected by this RAR are listed in the summary of change. Summary. This regulation implements DODI 1332.14 and DODI 1332.30. It prescribes the policy and responsibility of command, which includes well-being of the force, military and personal discipline and conduct, the Army Equal Opportunity Program, Prevention of Sexual Harassment, and the Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program. Applicability. 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Victims of Poverty and Hunger - 2181 Words

In the United States alone, there are 16 million children living in households with no regular access to enough food (The True Cost of Hunger). Sixteen million children who may very possibly live in poverty. Now remember, this massive number does not include adults or children living in undeveloped countries, where extreme poverty and hunger is much more common and fatal. Regardless of major progress, one in eight people, globally, continue to go to bed hungry and one in six children under the age of five are underweight (The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013). These people are kept from living normal, healthy lives and performing at their highest potential. While someone living in an undeveloped country fears whether or not they will live another day, our worries and thoughts are based on vanity. It seems that third world problems do not seem to affect us at the very least. Although the United States is a developed country, extreme poverty and hunger is still an issue that br ings consequences both locally and globally, and if left unattended will bring bigger consequences to future generations. Victims of poverty and hunger, who are living in undeveloped countries, suffer most because the consequences can be much more fatal. â€Å"Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five – 3.1 million children each year† (Know Your World: Facts about Hunger and Poverty). This problem needs to be addressed as soon as possible because it is true thatShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Issue Of World Hunger887 Words   |  4 Pagesabsolute poverty level –the level at which people cannot meet basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and the like-at $1 per day income. On that basis, it was calculated that one billion people live in poverty. (Hinman, 364) † Over one billion people including children are living with nothing that needs help more than ever. 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Hunger is a problem that many developing countries face, one of the biggest victims to hunger is the small Caribbean country of Haiti. Hunger in Haiti affects the entire country, from the rural countrysides to the major cities. Though hunger is already a big issue for Haiti, it has gotten worse in the past decade due to the extreme poverty, heavy storms, and natural disastersRead MoreThe Hunger Of World Hunger1261 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. But it’s kind of ironic world hunger still exist and is the leading cause of deaths per year. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about 805 million people of the 7.3 billion people in the world were suffering from chronic undernourishment. World hunger doesn’t just kill people, it’s linked to diseases, physiological issues and poverty as well. That’s about 24,000 people dying a day. But what does hunger mean? Hunger is a term which has three differentRead MoreThe Problem Of World Hunger1258 Words   |  6 Pagespervasive threat of death have been streaming on various media. World Hunger is one of the main problems that a large portion of the global population faces today. Hunger varies with severity but in this case it is the want of food in a third world country. World hunger is a problem that has existed for much of our known history; it has faded away from central concerns because it is barely brought up in everyday conversations. World hunger has many aggravating factors and principal causes, such as insufficientRead MoreFree Trade And Its Effects On Society1655 Words   |  7 Pagesplants) to take hold, a chain reaction is set in motion. The low wages that sweatshops pay create three things in poverty, which creates hunger, disease, and lack of funds for medicine. 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Heart Disease Free Essays

Heart Disease Kayla Tusa Adelphi University Abstract This paper is aimed to view heart disease and show the effects that it can have on the person who has it. The points made in this paper will show what heart disease does to the body. It shows symptoms and treatments that are used with this disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now It mainly shows the facts about heart disease. The illness in my family that I feel poses the greatest threat to me is heart disease. Heart disease has been in my father’s family for a few generations. My father has heart disease and has had two heart attacks during his life. My father had to have quintuple bypass surgery after his second heart attack. My grandfather and great grandfather on my father’s side also both had heart disease and passed away from heart attacks. Since I have all of the knowledge I am aware of this disease and the effects it can have. I also realize the risk I have and take precautions as often as I can. The full name for heart disease is coronary heart disease. This is when there are blockages in the coronary arteries. These blockages are usually cause by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits, also called plaques, on the inner walls of the coronary arteries† (A, 2). When these blockages start to form issues come about. Since the arteries are being blocked, it can result in less blood traveling to the heart. If the blood traveling to the heart is restricted then this can cause problems to arise. If the heart does not get enough blood that means it is also not getting enough oxygen and nutrients. One signal that shows this is occurring is chest pains. The name of these chest pains is angina. Another problem that can occur from this blood restriction is a heart attack. A heart attack happens when the heart needs more energy than can be supplied to it from the blood supply it is receiving. There are many factors and causes that heart disease can have. â€Å"The most common risk factors include smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, stress, and hyperlipidemia† (A, 8). Studies have shown that about 54% of cases are linked to smoking, 20% of cases are linked to obesity, and 7-12% of cases are linked to lack of exercise (A, 9). I have asked my father what the causes have been for his heart disease. The causes of my father’s heart disease were smoking, family history, and stress. My father is not able to control family history. He also cannot control when he has stress but he has made efforts to manage his stress better. One thing he has done is that he quit smoking after his second heart attack. He knew that he needed to do this in order to not make his disease worse. A person can also have a higher risk of having heart disease if they have a history of high blood pressure in their family (A, 13-14). There are symptoms of having heart disease. Unfortunately these symptoms are not always noticeable. Sometimes the symptoms are obvious and sometimes there are no symptoms at all. In the early stages of heart disease it is likely for there to be no symptoms. Angina is the most common symptom of heart disease. This is why chest pains are seen as being very serious. The chest pains are felt when the heart is not getting what it needs to function properly. The pain that one experiences differs depending on the person (B, 14-15). This is very dangerous because when the heart is not getting what it needs there may be pains in other parts of the body. The pains do not always occur in the person’s chest. Pain may be felt in the neck, arms, stomach, upper back, or under the sternum (B, 16-17). This is dangerous because one may not realize what the cause of the pain is and may not get the proper treatment for it. When my dad had his second heart attack he did not have chest pains. He had pains in his upper back and was not planning on going to the hospital. He ended up changing his mind and was lucky he did because he needed immediate care. Women, elderly people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms other than chest pain, such as: fatigue, shortness of breath, and general weakness† (B, 20-23). Heart disease cannot be cured, but it has been proved that people can reduce it by making some changes in their lifestyle. One thing listed is a plant-based diet which was shown by Caldwell Esselstyn and Colin Campbell. It states that this diet is â€Å"effective as a treatment of coronary disease, and generalized atherosclerosis† (A, 16-17). Some other changes that can help are weight control, not smoking, avoiding trans fats, consuming fish il, decreasing psychosocial stress, and exercising. When exercising, it is most helpful to do aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, or swimming because it can help decrease blood pressure. When having heart disease, people may take medications as well. One type of medication that is used is a daily intake of aspirin. Other medications used are usually ones that lower cholesterol. If someone with heart disease has enough blockages in their arteries, they may need to have coronary artery bypass surgery. This surgery is also known more commonly as open heart surgery. This surgery helps clear the blockages that are in the arteries. Another option for treating blockages is coronary angioplasty. This is more commonly known as stents and it is non-surgical (A, 27-29). Multiple tests must be done before heart disease can be diagnosed. Some of the tests that are done are: coronary angiography, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, electron-beam computed tomography, exercise stress test, heart CT scan, and a nuclear stress test. Coronary angiography is â€Å"an invasive test that evaluates the heart arteries under x-ray† (C, 29). An echocardiogram allows doctors to see the heart beating, and to see the heart valves and other structures of the heart† (D, 14-15). Electron-beam computed tomography is used to look for calcium. Sometimes there is calcium in the lining of the arteries which increases the chance of getting heart disease. â€Å"An exercise stress test is a screening tool used to test the effect of exercise on your heart† (E, 1) . A Heart CT scan is â€Å"an imaging method that uses x-rays to create detailed pictures of the heart and its blood vessels† (F, 1-2). A nuclear stress test is performed to see the blood flow is to the heart both when the body is resting and when it is active. Heart attacks are likely to occur when someone has heart disease. â€Å"Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart is starved of oxygen and the heart cells die† (G, 3-4). The substance that could block these arteries is plaque. This is the most common cause for a heart attack. When someone has a heart attack the cause of the heart attack cannot always be determined. Heart attacks can happen at many different times. Some of these times are, â€Å"when you are resting or asleep, after a sudden increase in physical activity, when you are active outside in cold weather, or after sudden or severe emotional or physical stress, including an illness† (G, 10-15). Heart attacks can come suddenly and can cause a lot of damage, so it is very important that they are dealt with right away. As soon as someone thinks they may be having issues they should get help and not wait. This is because with heart attacks, the patient is more likely to die within the first few hours of having the heart attack. Some other symptoms of a heart attack that have not been stated are anxiety, cough, fainting, light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and sweating (G, 30-37). Heart attacks with no symptoms are known as â€Å"silent heart attacks† and are dangerous because the person has no signs. When someone goes to the hospital for a heart attack they will be cared for in many different ways. The patient is first hooked up to a monitor so that the doctor is able to see how their heart is beating. The patient also receives oxygen because it helps relieve the heart and takes stress off of the heart because it doesn’t have to work as hard. The patient is also giving an IV because this gives medications and nutrients to the patient. Some people may receive a drug such as morphine in order to reduce chest pains. Another medication that can be given is aspirin. The medication that is administered to the patient depends on what is safe for the patient. If the patient has abnormal heartbeats then they may need electric shocks in an attempt to fix these (G, 57-62). Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women. Heart disease is deadly and can take someone’s life before they know they are in any danger. My great grandfather had heart disease and passed away after having a heart attack. My grandfather passed away after having a heart attack as well. He was having a normal day and doing his day to day routine when he had his heart attack. He did not speak of any symptoms and had a sudden deadly heart attack. My father has had two heart attacks in his lifetime. He went to the hospital for his first heart attack because he was having chest ains. He had his second heart attack he went to the hospital because he had pains in his back. Soon after being there he found out he had five arteries blocked and needed to have immediate surgery. The recovery took a very long time for him, but he has made some changes in his lifestyle for the better. Heart disease is a serious illness. It is a disease that has been in my family for generations. I am scared because I feel I am at risk of getting this disease. Although I am nervous I am also very informed on the topic and what steps I can take to try to prevent this disease. I am very cautious and try to shape my life around preventing heart disease from entering it. Works Cited a- http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Coronary_disease#cite_note-Prevent_and_Reverse_Heart_Disease-11 b- http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004449/ c- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007115. htm d- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869. htm e- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003878. htm f- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007344. htm g- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000195. htm How to cite Heart Disease, Papers