Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits

Suggested APA style reference: Li, M. (2009, March). Cognitive appraisal and/or personality traits: Enhancing active coping in two types of stressful situations. Paper based on a program presented at the American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Charlotte, NC. Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits: Enhancing Active Coping in Two Types of Stressful Situations Paper based on a program presented at the 2009 American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, March 22, Charlotte, North Carolina Ming-hui Li Ming-hui Li, EdD, LPC, LMHC, is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Services and Counseling at St. John’s University, Queens, NY. His areas of specialty include stress-coping and resilience development. College students frequently experience stressful situations (Dungan, 2002; Li, 2006). Some college students actively cope with stressful situations while others become victims of the situations. The researcher has been interested in exploring factors that lead college students to actively cope with stressful situations. Enhancing these factors may facilitate college students to employ active coping. The term active coping in the study refers to people’s coping responses that are characterized by solving problems, seeking social support, and non-avoidance. The purpose of this study was to explore effective predictors of active coping in two major types of stressful situations among college students: relation and work. Results of this study may provide information for counselors to help students adapt better to college life by enhancing specific factors in different stressful situations. Theoretical Framework Researchers have not reached an agreement on the nature of coping. For example, process-oriented researchers (e. g. , Albinson & Petrie, 2003; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland & Gersons, 2005) proposed that cognitive appraisal determines the responses individuals adopt to cope with stressful situations. In contrast, diathesis-oriented researchers (e. g. , Abela & Skitch, 2007; Li & Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, & Jarvis, 2007) suggested that a match between personality traits and stress types decides coping responses. The present study explored the extent to which a combination of these two theoretical approaches can determine college students’ employment of active coping. Process-oriented researchers (e. g. , Albinson & Petrie, 2003; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland & Gersons, 2005) proposed that coping is a process (instead of a mere trait) in which personal factors, such as beliefs, and environmental factors, such as novelty, work together to affect coping responses through cognitive appraisal. These researchers argued that personality traits and environment are insufficient to determine coping responses. Cognitive appraisal, they believe, is what determines individuals’ coping responses. From their perspective, coping responses can be decided only after individuals have cognitively considered (a) how their lives are influenced by the situation and (a) what they can do to deal with the situation. In contrast, diathesis-oriented researchers (e. g. , Abela & Skitch, 2007; Li & Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, & Jarvis, 2007) advocate that individuals’ personality traits influence coping responses in specific contexts. They argued that personality traits influence coping responses most in stressful situations that are closely related to those traits. For example, individuals’ self-efficacy (a task-related trait) has great influence on their coping responses to task-related stressful situations, such as looking for a part-time job. In contrast, individuals’ secure attachment (a relation-related trait) is powerful in influencing coping responses to relation-related stressful situations, such as getting along with new roommates. Both approaches have been supported by previous studies. However, little attention has been drawn to the possibility of combining the two approaches. The present study addressed this possibility. The study was aimed to explore the extent to which a combination of these two theoretical approaches influences people to actively cope with stressful situations. Cognitive appraisal and three traits (self-efficacy, secure attachment, and resilience) were included in the combined model. According to the process-oriented approach, cognitive appraisal was expected to predict active coping across the two stressful situations. Based on the diathesis-oriented approach, self-efficacy was expected to predict active coping in work-related stressful situations such as looking for a part-time job; and secure attachment was expected to predict active coping in relation-related situations such as getting along with new roommates. In addition, the researcher hypothesized that resilience can predict active coping in both relation-related and work-related stressful situations because this trait reflects individuals’ general ability to moderate the negative effects of stress (Benetti & Kambouropoulos, 2006). Cognitive appraisal, self-efficacy, secure attachment, and resilience were applied to predict active coping in two types of stressful situations (relation, work), in order to detect the effectiveness of the combined model. The two hypotheses tested in the study were: Hypothesis 1: In relation-related situations, secure attachment, cognitive appraisal, and resilience can effectively predict active coping. Hypothesis 2: In work-related situations, self-efficacy, cognitive appraisal, and resilience can effectively predict active coping. Methods Participants were 126 students recruited from a college in Taiwan. Their age ranged from 18 to 23 years old. The mean age of this sample was 19. 6. Participants were categorized into two groups—a relation group and a work group, based on their self-reported stressful situations. The numbers of participants in groups of relation and work were 76 and 50, respectively. The researcher administered a questionnaire to participants when they were waiting for a class. Participants signed informed consent forms before they responded to the questionnaire. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing the Resilience Scale (Wagnild & Young, 1993), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), the Coping Strategy Indicator (Amirkhan, 1990), the Chinese Adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale (Zhang & Schwarzer, 1995), and category I (cognitive appraisal) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991). All of the instruments have been used to study college students and have demonstrated adequate validity (construct or concurrent validity) and reliability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha range from . 6 to . 93). All of the instruments except the Chinese adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale were translated by the researcher from English into Chinese. Two bilingual Psychology professors and four bilingual doctoral students examined the translated instruments. A bilingual undergraduate student, who was blind to the original English instruments, back-translated the Chinese versions into English. The original instr uments and the back-translated instruments were very close in meaning, indicating correct language transference. Internal consistency estimates of reliability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha) were computed for each of the instruments used in this study. The values for coefficient alpha were . 89, . 90, . 75, . 87, and . 81 for the Student-Life Stress Inventory (SSI), the Resilience Scale (RS), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAS-Revised), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS), and the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), respectively. The alpha values for the three sub-scales of the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) were . 86 (problem-solving), . 88 (seeking social-support), and . 68 (avoidance). In addition, the alpha value for the category I (cognitive appraisal) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991) was . 84. The research design of this study was a correlational design with four independent (predictor) variables and one dependent variable. The four independent variables were cognitive appraisal, resilience, secure attachment, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was active coping. This research design consisted of two separate multiple regression procedures that were used to test the proposed model in two types of stressful situations. Data Analysis and Results The data were analyzed by using SPSS 14. 0. Two procedures of multiple regression were applied to test the two hypotheses. The step-wise method was used because the available literature does not provide direction as to how the variables in this study should be entered into a multiple regression equation. By using the step-wise method, the researcher allowed the computer to select the model with the best statistical â€Å"fit. † Correlations among predictor variables and between predictor variables and the dependent variable were examined in order to meet the requirements of multiple regression. The outlier was removed so it did not impact the accuracy of data analysis. The criterion used to screen outliers were (a) a Cook’s distance greater than 1, and (b) a standardized residual greater than 3. Hypothesis 1 was supported while Hypothesis 2 was not supported. Results showed that (a) cognitive appraisal and resilience can predict active coping in stressful situations associated with relation, and (b) secure attachment can predict active coping in work-related stressful situations. Tables I and II showed the results. Table I. Summary of Regression Analyses of Resilience, Secure Attachment, and Self-Efficacy Predicting Active Coping in Relation-Related Stressful Situations ____________________________________________________________ _____ Variable B ? R[pic]Change p ____________________________________________________________ ______ Resilience . 13 . 29 . 09 . 00 Cognition – 2. 56 – 4. . 18 . 001 ____________________________________________________________ ______ Table II. Summary of Regression Analyses of Resilience, Secure Attachment, and Self-Efficacy Predicting Active Coping in Work-Related Stressful Situations ____________________________________________________________ _____ Variable B ? R[pic]Change p ____________________________________________________________ ______ Secure Attachment . 50 . 1 . 17 . 003 ____________________________________________________________ ______ Discussion The study was aimed to test the effectiveness of the model combining two approaches to coping. Results i ndicated that this model is effective in stressful situations associated with relation. In stressful situations associated with relation, individuals who less engage in cognitive appraisal (i. e. , lower levels of cognitive appraisal) and are able to moderate the negative effects of stress (i. . , higher levels of trait resilience) tend to actively cope with the situations. This finding is consistent with Kulenovic and Busko’s (2006) finding that cognitive appraisal and personality trait simultaneously influence individuals’ coping responses to stressful situations. It seems that when people are in the initial stage of coping with a relation-related stressful situation, the less they evaluate the situation and the stronger their trait resilience becomes, the more likely they can cope with the situation actively. A possible explanation of the finding that cognitive appraisal and trait resilience simultaneously influence individual’s coping response to relational stressful situations is that cognitive appraisal leads people to respond to situational factors such as how the romantic relationship ended and who wanted to end the relationship (Bouchard, Guillemette, & Landry-Leger, 2004) while trait resilience directs people to respond to any situation that causes stress such as breaking-up with a boy/girl friend and losing a job (Li, 2008). In work-related situations, those who hold positive attitude toward social interactions (i. e. , high levels of secure attachment) tend to actively cope with work-related situations. It seems that when individuals are in the initial stage of coping with a work-related stressful situation, the more they believe they can get along well with people in the workplace, the more they become willing to take action to deal with the situation. Conclusion While re searchers have proposed different theoretical approaches to explain coping, no adequate efforts have been made to test the possibility of combining different approaches. This study addresses this issue by combining two existing approaches into one model and tests the effectiveness of the model. Results of the study not only expand our knowledge about coping but also provide useful information for counselors to help clients deal with stressful situations. When clients are in the initial stages of coping with relation-related stressful situations, counselors can help the clients by engaging them in reflection of their previous positive coping experiences rather than urging them to cognitively appraise the situations. When clients are in the initial stage of coping with work-related stressful situations, counselors can help the clients by enhancing their person skills. References Abela, J. R. Z. ; Skitch, S. A. (2007). Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1127-1140. Albinson, C. B. , & Petrie, T. A. (2003). Cognitive appraisals, stress, and coping: preinjury and postinjury factors influencing psychological adjustment to sport injury. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 12, 306-322. Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The coping Strategy indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066-1074. Benetti, C. , &; Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 341-352. Bouchard, G. , Guillemette, A. , & Landry-Leger, N. (2004). Situational and dispositional coping: An examination of theire relation to personality, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress. European Journal of Personality, 18, 221-238. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832. Dungan, D. E. (2002). Five days of stress and coping in the lives of college students. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 2002). Dissertation Abstract International, 62 (10-B), 4827. Gadzella, B. M. (1991). Student-life Stress Inventory. Library of Congress, Copyright. Kulenovic, A. & Busko, V. (2006); Structural equation analyses of personality, appraisals, and coping relationships. Review of Psychology, 13, 103-112. Lazarus, R. S. , & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Li, M. H. (2006). Stress, traits of resilience, secure attachment, and self-efficacy as predictors of active coping among Taiwanese students (China). (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(4-A),1233. Li, M. H. (2008). Relationships among stress coping, secure attachment, and the trait of resilience among Taiwanese college students. College Student Journal, 42, 312- 325. Li, X. , & Yuan (2003). The relationship between junior middle school students’ diathesis, and life stress with mental health. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11, 287-288. Olff, M. , Langeland, W. , & Gersons, B. P. R. (2005). Effects of appraisal and coping on the neuroendocrine response to extreme stress. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 457-467. Wagner, J. Chaney, J. , Hommel, K. , Andrews, N. , & Jarvis, J. (2007). A cognitive diathesis-stress model of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatic disease. Children's Health Care, 36, 45-62. Wagnild, G. M. , & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of The resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165-178. Zhang, J. X. , & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptatio n of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38 (3), 174-181.

Marketing Essay

For any entrepreneur, marketing is an important component for the success of all businesses. Marketing can be identified as the process in which any business informs, satisfy and keep possessions of its customers. It is the main ingredient to bringing in customers to increase profits for a business. Many may think that marketing is as simple as advertisements and promotions but in the real business world to be successful, marketing is a bit more complex. A business needs a solid marketing plan to succeed and also to show the investors the company is able to return the investment the investors have given. For an entrepreneur to master the marketing skill the individual must understand the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the combination of the elements of marketing and what roles each element plays in promoting your products and services and delivering those products and services to your customers (about. com). Elements of Marketing Mix The marketing mix has four elements and until recently there have been a few new added elements which are referred to the 4 ps or the 7 ps of marketing mix. The 4 ps of marketing are product, place, price, and promotion and the additional p’s are process, people and physical evidence. When looking at it from a business sense of view it make a lot of sense because even though the added p’s can be explained in the original 4 ps, they each can stand alone. For instance process can be looked at as the protocol used by businesses for the marketing strategies and people can be seen as what they used to explain in debt the product or services. Last but not least physical evidence is what most consumers today go by which shows firsthand that a product or services does work. Product is the product and services offered to your customer, and how they are different from the competitors’ products. Businesses also have to make sure when offering a product to their customers it has to have the correct features meaning it must look good and work well and have enough to go around. Price is described as how you price your product or service so that your price remains competitive but still allows you to make a profit. In pricing businesses should also keep their targeted market in mind ensuring it is affordable to them and potential future customers. Place is describe as the distribution or where your business sells its products or services and how it gets those products or services to your customers. Place is very important because a business would want to make sure that their goods and services arrive when and where they are needed. For the promotion element it is the methods used to communicate the features and benefits of your products or services to your target customers. In today market promotion is made easier because your targeted consumer can be reached by the push of a button. With that being said businesses should keep technique and deliverance of the product and services offered into consideration also. The fifth p in marketing mix is described as people and is how your level of service and the expertise of the people who work for you can be used to set your business apart from the competitors. With the majority of products and services being offered by the click of a button, most consumers tend to rely on reviews to help them decide. If the business does not have the right people that look professional and have good ethics with the knowledge of the product or services they are selling it can hurt the business extremely. Which brings us to the saying a first impression last. Organization The Atlanta barber and beauty supply company or ABBS is an organization that supplies barber and beauty shops all around the country. They have been in business serving professional barber shops since 1946 with new, used and antique barber supplies and equipment. It is specifically marketed to the licensed barber or beautician shop owners. Just like any other organization ABBS has used the four elements of marketing mix to assist in the marketing strategy. For the product element the company has shown how each of their products are of great professional quality and last for years. Even though they sell top quality products, they also provide lower end products for those that maybe not willing or able to spend as much. They sell the same products as their competitors but they have a wider variety of clippers and shears in stock that are antiques. This allows them to provide their products to a larger consumer group from the older shops to the younger and ever changing shops. The company takes pride in having any kind of hair products in stock. Some barbers have specialty shops that only cater to an older market and likes nostalgic products and equipment to make their shop look and feel like the barber shops of the past, and ABBS has these products and items in stock and can ship them anywhere all around the world. This element does not affect the development of the company’s marketing strategy because it helps it by making sure the company keeps plenty of stock of their products. This element also gives the company a reason to look at other countries hair products to see what new products are being made and used in that country that can be sold to that market in the future. In the price element this affects the marketing strategy of the business by making the company decide how to price their products without making the price to expensive but attractive to customers to gain more customers than the competitors. The prices for the products are at competitive rates but lower than other barber supply companies because they give discounts to the owners of the barber shops. They also give a discount on shipping on all items purchased $60 and over. That is a strategy to bring in and keep more customers to use their internet website. The place element/distribution element for the ABBS is placed in 186 Mitchell St. S. W. Atlanta, GA that is the main building set for distribution of all barber and beauty products. The company utilizes its internet website by offering its products via e-commerce to a worldwide market. This affects the company’s marketing strategy and tactics in a good way by broadening their market to attract more customers. The more the clients they can generate worldwide the more the companies’ profits will increase. The internet is the best tool to advertise a business and its products these days, because of its power to reach a mass amount of people around the world in a matter of seconds. They also use catalogs to keep their existing customers updated on new products and price and can also be a good way of keeping them in the loop of new adventures to come. In past years the radio and TV ads were the top marketing tool for businesses, but it came with an expensive price to get a radio or TV ad spot it also only reached a local market so small businesses were stuck only doing business domestically. The internet made it easier and cheaper for mainly anyone to advertise anything to anyone all around the world. Now the company distributes its products from the main building in Atlanta to thousands of clients in many different countries. The ABBS Company has developed policies for its internet clients that are overseas; it also ships to APO/FPO addresses. In the promotion element the company communicates through the internet to advertise its products it also sends out catalog magazines to all new barbershops that are listed in the phone books of each city. The company is a top search when searched on Google. ABBS promotes the business in all forms of the marketing aspect, from newspaper ads, magazines, radio/TV ads, and the internet. Conclusion In conclusion new entrepreneurs understand that the marketing mix is a good tool to use when planning the marketing strategy of the business. It shows that these strategies are ever evolving with time and for a business to be and keep being successful their approach to cater to their consumer must also evolve. After identifying the four elements of marketing mix which are product, price, place, and promotion I was able to describe how each element affected the development of the company’s market strategy and tactics. I also described how each of the four elements was implemented for the business, and identified the industry in which ABBS exists.

The Holy Land At Stake - 1166 Words

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The Demand For Online Classes - 1642 Words

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Analysis Of Bruce Wayne s Batman Essay - 1056 Words

In Batman: Ego, Bruce Wayne struggles to fight his inner demons. These demons take on the shape of Batman and lead to a power struggle with Bruce Wayne. Wayne fights to hold on to what he believes in and show the world the true meaning of the Batman costume. This fight categorizes not only Wayne’s character but also the character of Batman. The comic pushes the characters into stereotypical roles of what a hero and a villain are. Initially, Bruce Wayne is presented as the canon â€Å"good guy† or the hero, while Batman is presented as the stereotypical â€Å"bad guy†. This representation is achieved by the comic through its use of details. Due to the illusion of light and the use of colors, Batman: Ego represents Bruce Wayne’s character as a being of purity and innocence and represents Batman as a being of evil and darkness. Batman: Ego uses the illusion of light to portray Bruce Wayne’s character in a positive way and the character of Batman in a negative way. 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Compare and Contrast Global Buying Behavior Emerging Markets

Question: Discuss about the Compare and Contrast Global Buying Behavior for Emerging Markets. Answer: Introduction Global buying behavior is determined by the needs, desire and the wants of the global consumer. The global buying behavior, satisfy the wants and the desire of the consumers. Moreover, it helps in profit maximization at the same time (Solomon, 2014). Marketers give immense importance to the research that they conduct on consumer behavior (Thangasamy Patikar, 2016). The research helps them to come up with a better strategic development and a better marketing plan. According to Atsmon, Child, Dobbs Narasimhan (2016), the annual consumption in the emerging market will reach to around $30 trillion by 2025. The journal article, Young Consumers Decision-Making Behavior Towards Casual Wear Buying in Uttar Pradesh, India by Ajit Dhar Dubey, deals with the consumer decision-making behavior of the consumers in India. The journal article, Social Networks and the Buying Behavior of the Consumer, deals with the influence of social network on the purchasing behavior (Rassega, Orlando, Carlo, Val entina, Antonio Nicola, 2015) Compare and Contrast on the Global Buying Behavior Young Consumers Decision-Making Behavior Towards Casual Wear Buying in Uttar Pradesh, India by Ajit Dhar Dubey. Social Networks and the Buying Behavior of the Consumer by Rassega et .al. Study Question India has become a part of the World Trade Organization, in the year 1995. After that, there has been the introduction of the Liberalization act in the Indian market, and other regulations that encouraged the expansion of the foreign company in the Indian market. The study question of this particular journal article deals with the youth market segment in India, and tries to deal with the consumer behavior of this segment in the Indian market (Dubey, 2016). The study question of this particular journal article deals with the fact that whether the firms use social network to influence the purchasing behavior of the consumer. He firms, if they at all use it to influence the purchasing behavior, then how they are using it. Methodology The study here carries out quantitative research. The empirical study research methodology has been used in this particular study. 111 academic articles are used in this particular journal article. The 111 academic journal articles deal with the direct and the indirect effect of social network on consumer behavior. The 111 academic journal articles that are used in this particular research, among them 64 articles are published from the year 2000 to 2014; and 47 articles are published between the 1955 and 1999 year. The academic journal articles refer to those consumers who are the part of the social networking sites and they have an influence on the consumer purchasing behavior. Data Collection Instrument The survey questionnaire is the data collection instrument in this particular case. It is being used as a tool to collect the primary data for the research. The questionnaire include 4 sections and among these 4 sections, there are the purchase behavior related to general casual wear, criteria related to clothing choice, consumer decision-making styles, and personal information. The secondary data analysis is the instrument that is being used in this particular research based study. Demography of the Study Participants The research here includes students from 4 different places in India. The 4 different places are Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Kanpur and Gorakhpur. The research here includes the academic journal articles, around the world. Therefore, the main study participants in this particular research are those people who are the part of the social networking sites and who could affect the consumer behavior. The participants in this case study are not the direct participants rather they are the indirect participants. Study findings The findings of this particular research states that among the 20 criteria that were there in the questionnaire, five factors or the criteria, either positively or negatively influence the decision-making style of the consumers. The five factors that are stated here are; Product and Self-image, Style and Quality, durability and easy care, fit and sex appropriateness and finally the price. The decision-making areas that are influenced by these five factors include, the recreational and hedonistic shopping consciousness, brand and fashion consciousness, price and value consciousness and lastly the habitual and brand loyalty. Thus, these four specific areas are affected by the consumer decision-making styles. The research here concludes that the social networking sites could influence the consumer behavior. The social networking sites allow the organizations or the companies to connect with various people who can be the potential consumer. The connection can be made through music, politics, and through other things as well. The connection could help in building the image of the company, which could in return affect or influence the consumer in the global market. The research also finds out that when the organizations or the companies are striving to survive in the competitive market they use the social networking site as an effective tool to influence the global buying behavior and increase the chances of surviving in the market. Therefore, the tool of social network is a valuable tool for the organizations in the global market. (Figure 1: Table Comparing and Contrasting Two Research on Global Buying Behavior) (Source: Created by the Author) Summary of the Findings Therefore, it can be said that the emerging markets in the global context has its significance. The consumer buying behavior is changing with the introduction of the policies like liberalization. The growth or the change may be slow but there is a change in the market and this change will affect the consumer buying behavior. The consumer buying behavior in return will result in profit maximization. The social networking sites too could play an important role in influencing the consumer behavior. Therefore, the organizations that are there all around the world could easily take the help of the social networking site, and be a part of different forums that are there, and could easily build their brand image. Recommendation The research on global buying behavior helps the marketer to come up with the appropriate marketing strategy. Therefore, the small business should use internet market research to find out about the buying behavior of the web-based consumer. The internet research is cost-effective in nature and could easily adapt to the changing behavior of the consumer. The small business could use the market sensing process at the same time; it could provide the small business with the competitive advantage and at the same time could help the marketers by providing them information on consumer behavior. References Atsmon, Y., Child, P., Dobbs, R., Narasimhan, L. (2016).Winning the $30 trillion decathlon: Going for gold in emerging markets(1st ed.). Dubey, A. (2016).Young Consumers Decision-Making Behavior Towards Casual Wear Buying in Uttar Pradesh, India(1st ed.). Rassega, V., Orlando, T., Carlo, T., Valentina, C., Antonio, S., Nicola, P. (2015). Social Networks and the Buying Behavior of the Consumer.Journal of Global Economics,2015. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall. Thangasamy, E. Patikar, D. (2016).Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behaviour: A Case Study(1st ed.). USA: Global Journals Inc.

Mass Media Role in Distorting the Image of Islam

The relationship that Muslims and the general society share has been affected over the past years. This worsened especially after 2001. The manner in which the media has been covering domestic matters as well as international occurrences which involve the Muslims is thought to be the main issue in the continuance of the negative view about Islam.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Role in Distorting the Image of Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With disregard to direct, first-hand information or contact with the Muslim nation, the mass media sadly becomes the main source of information regarding Islam. With the rest of the nation composed largely of other groups, the Muslims make a small portion of the country’s population. This consequently offers a very constrained chance for personal contact with the Muslim people. This paper attempts to recreate a proper image for the Muslims from that al ready distorted by the Media. From 1991, when the gulf war took place to time dating back to the revolution of Iran in 1979, Muslims have commanded a great deal of media coverage. Previously conducted research studies have gone ahead to prove that Islam has largely been depicted derogatively through the lenses of the mass media. After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, more research has also proved not just a large increase in the percentage of media coverage especially concerning the Muslim nation but also an upsurge in the derogative nature of such media coverage. This essay in no way attempts to imply that acts of violence, terrorism, and other violations of human rights perpetuated by the Muslim nation in the guise of religion are a creation of the media. Indubitably, this is the situation in many parts of the Muslim nation and also among a number of the Muslim people. Nonetheless, to solely assume the mass media’s depiction of Islam as gospel truth and a picture of the real occurrences on the ground is incorrect except where a person considers that basing on the shapes of the mirrors, realities can also be distorted.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Maybe a better representation is to think of the media as being a window. It distorts the real scenario slightly because it hinders the scope as well as the viewing range basing on its size on the wall, where it has been set up, and the direction it has been placed. The well-known trend of the mass media is to make an emphasis on the rare, unbelievable, and life threatening happenings in the Muslim world. Subsequently, when people depend more on the mass media to enable them understand Islam as a religion and the Muslim people; they will probably not understand the reality. Their considerations of Islam will be controlled by what has been done and said by a few Muslims in certain contexts. This is an issue which can best be described as ‘mass media Islam’ since it goes hand by hand with the media depiction of Islam as compared to reality. In conclusion therefore, it is important to observe that the mass media has played an important role in distorting the image of Islam. As noted, those that rely on media representation of Islam are less likely to appreciate and understand that Muslims are not as they are portrayed especially in the western media. The media has to stop generalizing Muslims when reporting their content but categorize the various groups. This essay on Mass Media Role in Distorting the Image of Islam was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.